Organic Chemistry: Reactions & Biomolecules
Functional groups, named reactions, polymers, carbohydrates, amino acids, and nucleic acids
Key Concepts
- Functional groups determine reactivity and product type
- Named reactions: Aldol, Cannizzaro, Friedel–Crafts and Grignard
- Oxidation and reduction interconvert functional groups
- Polymers: addition and condensation polymerisation
- Biomolecules: carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids
Important Formulae
| Aldol condensation | Carbonyl with α-H + base → β-hydroxy carbonyl |
| Cannizzaro reaction | Aldehyde with no α-H + strong base → alcohol + acid |
| Grignard reaction | RMgX + carbonyl → alcohol (after hydrolysis) |
| Peptide bond | −COOH + H₂N− → −CO−NH− + H₂O |
Quick Tips
- Aldehydes are more reactive than ketones towards nucleophiles.
- In DNA, A pairs with T (2 H-bonds) and G pairs with C (3 H-bonds).
- Friedel–Crafts fails on strongly deactivated (e.g. nitro-substituted) rings.
Sample Practice Questions
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A Grignard reagent (RMgX) reacts with a carbonyl compound to give, after hydrolysis, an:
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Answer: Alcohol
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The functional group present in a carboxylic acid is:
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Answer: −COOH
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The aldol condensation requires a carbonyl compound that has an:
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Answer: α-hydrogen
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The reduction of an alkene with H₂ in the presence of a nickel catalyst gives an:
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Answer: Alkane
Practice Questions
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What are the key concepts in Organic Chemistry: Reactions & Biomolecules for JEE?
Functional groups determine reactivity and product type; Named reactions: Aldol, Cannizzaro, Friedel–Crafts and Grignard; Oxidation and reduction interconvert functional groups; Polymers: addition and condensation polymerisation; Biomolecules: carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Which formulae are important for Organic Chemistry: Reactions & Biomolecules in JEE?
Aldol condensation: Carbonyl with α-H + base → β-hydroxy carbonyl; Cannizzaro reaction: Aldehyde with no α-H + strong base → alcohol + acid; Grignard reaction: RMgX + carbonyl → alcohol (after hydrolysis); Peptide bond: −COOH + H₂N− → −CO−NH− + H₂O.
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