Rotational Motion

Torque, moment of inertia, angular momentum

Key Concepts
  • Torque (τ) is the rotational analogue of force
  • Moment of inertia (I) depends on mass distribution and axis
  • Angular momentum L = Iω is conserved when net torque = 0
  • Rolling without slipping: v_cm = Rω
  • Parallel axis theorem: I = I_cm + Md²
Important Formulae
Torque τ = Iα = r × F
Angular momentum L = Iω
Rotational KE KE = ½Iω²
I — solid sphere I = 2/5 MR²
I — hollow sphere I = 2/3 MR²
I — solid disk/cylinder I = ½MR²
I — thin rod (centre) I = ML²/12
Quick Tips
  • A figure skater spins faster by pulling in arms — conservation of angular momentum (I decreases → ω increases).
  • Total KE of rolling body = ½mv² + ½Iω² = ½mv²(1 + I/mR²).
  • Perpendicular axis theorem (thin lamina): I_z = I_x + I_y.
Practice Questions

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